Biology The structure of Luciferase - 1588 Words

Proteins play a fundamental role in the existence of living organisms. They are major contributors of cell structure and mobility, hormonal interaction, information exchange, and, most importantly, regulation of essential reactions. Enzymes are proteins that activate or inhibit the conversion of a substrate to a product. Often, enzymes catalyze reactions that are crucial for biological processes, but a few regulate other aspects of life, such as communication between a species. The enzyme luciferase catalyzes the reaction that allows fireflies to communicate with each other via emission of a yellow-green to yellow-orange colored light (Nakatsu, T. et al., 2006, 372). This reaction is a bioluminescence reaction, where chemical energy†¦show more content†¦et al., 2006, 373). Researchers have taken a closer look at the structure of the active site that facilitates the bioluminescent reaction; they found the Arg218 residue plays a heavy role in the secure binding of luci ferin. The guanidinium side chain of Arg218 is particularly responsible for binding with the benzothiazole ring of the luciferin substrate. Moreover, Arg218 establishes electrostatic interactions with the ground state product of the phenol group ionization of luciferin, yet Arg218 also stabilizes the final excited state phenolate ion of oxyluciferin (Branchini, B.R., Magyar, R.A., Murtiashaw, M.H., and Portier, N.C, 2001, 2415-2416). The proper binding of luciferin determines the color of the light emission and is dependent on the amount of rotation of the excited oxyluciferin molecule. To further understand the role of Arg218, researchers created a mutant enzyme without the Arg218 residue to determine its impact on substrate production. When researchers converted the Arg residue to Lys, there was a 15-fold increase in Km for luciferin; the Km value suggests the substrate binding affinity of the enzyme. The increase in Km shows that luciferase has a lowered affinity to bind wit h substrates. This shows that a manipulation of the Arg218 residue can affect the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Usually, the enzyme loses its high binding affinity with luciferin.Show MoreRelatedMirna Essay1141 Words   |  5 Pagesof HIV-infected patients with HAND, differing from HIV-infected patients without HAND. To investigate this association between host miRNA expression and HAND development, with HIV-1 biology, brain miRNA profiles were observed in patients with and without HAND. This study also connected two different areas, HIV-1 biology and peroxisome function in the brain, providing insights into HAND. The function of peroxisomes for antiviral signaling is a relatively new. This study shows that the infection of HIV-1Read MoreCell Cycle And Dna Rn Mirnas Regulating Cellular Proliferation During Oncogenic Transformations Essay1076 Words   |  5 Pagescycle profile is also checked by flow cytometry. Cell proliferation and in vivo cytotoxicity is studied by MTT ass ay and colony formation assay. To further validate the putative target of miRNA, luciferase-based reporter assay is done by cloning the 3’ UTR of predicted target gene downstream the firefly luciferase gene in pmirGlo vector. shRNA Lentiviral mediated gene knock down is also done for the target protein by cloning the miRNA hairpin downstream the U6 promoter in pLKO.1 vector. Before joiningRead MoreBioluminescence in Fungi2114 Words   |  9 PagesThis aspect of bioluminescence especially interested early scientists who explored it. The light is the result of a biochemical reaction in which the oxidation of a compound called Luciferin and the reaction was catalyzed by an enzyme called Luciferase. The light generated by this biochemical reaction has been utilized by scientists as a bioindicator for Tuberculosis as well as heavy metals. On going research involving bioluminescence is currently underway in the areas of evolution, ecologyRead MoreRunx2 Binding Protein and the Regulation of Osteogenesis1786 Words   |  8 PagesA chromatin immunoprecipitation assay was then carried out, amplifying the binding site of TSSC1 with specific primers. Next, a luciferase assay was conducted by amplifying the TSSC1 promoter and cloning the fragment into luciferase reporter plasmids. The results of luciferase activity were measured using an assay kit and results were normalized again Renella luciferase. An invasion assay was conducted in vitro using Matrigel staining and finally, bone lesions were analyzed by radiography. TheRead MoreMapping Protein Proteins Of A Living Cell1424 Words   |  6 Pagescellular processes that occur inside a living cell. Recent advances in biological research have strongly instigated the need to map biochemical networks for improved understanding of living cells. Apart from prediction and determination of protein structures to ascribe them potential functions, characterization of proteins also needs to address how and when the proteins interact with other counterpart proteins to bring about much desired orchestration in the cellular physiology. Simultaneously, incredibleRead MoreThe Rna Interference ( Rnai ) Pathway2224 Words   |  9 PagesThe RNA interference (RNAi) pathway is an important biological system that is utilised by many organisms as a method of regulating gene expression. But what exactly is RNAi? And what is the importance of its use and application in biology? RNAi is a cellular process that actively silences specific genes. This method of post-translational gene regulation has been observed in many organisms including plants, fungi, some bacteria and animals. RNAi inhibits protein synthesis of the target transcriptRead MoreInfluenza A H1N1 Virus1818 Words   |  8 Pagesby acidification. (Gamblin Skehel, 2010) Neuraminidase (NA) is responsible for the removal of sialic acid from the membrane lipid bilayer from both of the virus glycoproteins. NA has a six-bladed, individually four antiparallel strands of ÃŽ ²-structure. (Gamblin Skehel, 2010) In the process of viral replication NA removes sialic acid resulting in the newly replicated genome to re-envelop and infect other cells versus aggregating with each other through HA-sialic acid interactions. The locationRead MoreThe Oceans And Its Effects On The World s Oceans2236 Words   |  9 Pagesthat the populations relocate to a different area, and then an issue arises with the species invading another territory, or the species simply dies off because their bodies cannot function. But, a recent study performed by several marine science and biology university professors showed that two different species of Atlantic Salmon may have actually developed the capability for cardiac acclimation to warmer water temperatures. Normally, cardiac colla pse begins around 21-23 °C with a maximum heart rateRead MoreThe Use Of Animal Models And Sirna Technologies On Autosomal Dominantly Inherited Neurodegenerative Disease3557 Words   |  15 Pages There are two main strategies to endogenous delivery, first is the siRNA and mRNA are two separate transcripts which hybridises to form the active dsRNA complex. The second is where the hairpin structure occurs as the siRNA and mRNA form part of the one transcript with separated by a loop. The structure can then be cleaved by the dicer creating active siRNA. (Sioud, 2004) Concluded by several research groups; short hairpin siRNA molecules can be synthesised from the expression on a plasmid. The

Essay on Women in Combat - 1560 Words

â€Å"In a perfect world, every U.S. soldier would be an asexual brute with a stunningly high IQ who doesnt eat much, is adept at following orders and leery of challenging authority† (Thompson). As far as humankind is concerned, there have never been any soldiers like that anywhere in the world, let alone the United States military. Therefore, the standards for enlisting in military combat positions are as high as possible to ensure that we can create soldiers that are effective as these â€Å"perfect-world† soldiers. There are obviously men and women who are not able to meet these standards, but there are definitely also men and women who are highly capable of meeting and/or exceeding these standards. While some individuals feel that the†¦show more content†¦The definition of â€Å"gender-neutral† has a different definition for everyone and it does not necessarily mean energy exertion. These neutral standards are carefully put together to ensure that th e soldier will be successful in battle. Moreover, combat depends on the person, not the gender. If a five foot tall, ninety-five pound man wants to enlist in a combat position, he is permitted to at least try. If he is able to complete the tasks, he is allowed to fight. Then why should a six foot tall, one hundred-eighty pound woman not be able to do the same? If the woman has the ability to carry the necessary load and complete the necessary tasks, it is logical to allow her on the battlefront with the rest of the competent men. The women who are looking for combat positions are not worried about their feelings or what is politically correct. They want equal opportunities and if they qualify, they should have the chance. Furthermore, people have to realize there is not much need to be as hefty as a man to serve as a combatant in modern warfare. For example, physical tests given to soldiers do not necessarily evaluate an individuals potential in the artillery seeing thatShow MoreRelatedWomen in Combat1883 Words   |  8 PagesWomen in Combat Women in combat is an issue that I believe should be given a little more thought and attention. I personally feel that women should be allowed to be in ground combat operations if they desire to do so. I do not feel that it is fair to exclude someone from performing a job within the military simply due to their gender. I do feel that women who want to go to combat should be able to perform the same physical tasks as the men currently in those positions. This issue hits closeRead MoreWomen in Combat1316 Words   |  6 PagesI m an American soldier too Can a woman handle fighting in combat? Should women be able to come face to face with the enemy? Will women be able to control their emotions and take the horror that war inflicts? Should women be grateful that they are not included in such a terrible thing as combat, or is it wrong to exclude them just because they are women? I say if a woman chooses this kind of challenge, then she is more than capable. During the daring rescue of prisoner of war Jessica LynchRead More Women in Combat Essay1249 Words   |  5 PagesWomen in Combat   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Women have played a tremendous role in many countries armed forces from the past to the present. Women have thoroughly integrated into the armed forces; all positions in the armed forces should be fully accessible to women who can compete with men intellectually and physically. Yet, many argue that the distinction between combat and non-combat becomes blurred in the context of women warfare (Ladin; Holm, Hoar). In actuality, many women are assigned to jobs that willRead More Women in Combat Essay1217 Words   |  5 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Women in Front Line Combat When it comes to combat assignments and the needs of the military, men take precedence over all other considerations, including career prospects of female service members. Female military members have been encouraged to pursue opportunities and career enhancement within the armed forces, which limit them only to the needs and good of the service due to women being not as â€Å"similarly situated† as their male counterparts when it comes to strengthRead MoreEssay On Women In Combat1782 Words   |  8 Pages316 October 22, 2017 Women in Combat Since before time, women have always had less power compared to men. Men have always been the ones who have had the power to make decisions, the power to incorporate new ideas, and have a powerful role within society. Unfortunately, in some countries, women are not valued enough nor respected. There have been many cases within some cultures that women live a life of misery because they don’t have freedom. However, in some countries women have gained the rightRead MoreEssay Women in Combat1323 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States military views its diverse force as one of its greatest assets. Senior Air Force leaders recognize the monumental contributions both men and women make in support of their country daily. Americans serving in any branch of service know it is not a nine-to-five job but rather a calling. It is about being a part of the Profession of Arms. Airmen are warriors. The third verse of the Air Force Airman’s Creed states, â€Å"I am an American A irman, Guardian of Freedom and Justice, My Nation’sRead MoreWomen In Combat Essay1777 Words   |  8 Pagespart of humanity almost as long as humanity itself. However, women at war have not been. History has many stories about exceptional women serving honorably on the battlefield. In many cases Women on the battlefield are liabilities. During World War II both the Soviets and Germans tried placing women on the front lines when they were desperate for fighting soldiers. Male troops forgot their combat responsibilities in order to protect the women fighting beside them. This made their units less effectiveRead MoreWomen Should Be Legal For Combat977 Words   |  4 PagesWomen should be allowed to serve in combat roles in the military Some argue that women should not serve in combat because; they have never served in any type of combat operations in the history of the American military. Positions in the military have been designed specifically for women and how they perform their duties. No evidence can be produced that women have the abilities, physical strength, or motivation to engage in combat operations, the physical differences from their male counterpartsRead MoreWomen in Combat Roles in the Military851 Words   |  3 PagesPhysical differences between men and women come up in careers such as the military. The military career requires great responsibility, dedication, and sacrifice. The key to achieving a good performance in this field is to have an excellent physical ability. Women with physical training can exceed men without physical training. In addition, women have to have great value to develop this type of careers. The equality and teamwork are two fundamental reasons too. Over the years, it has be en thoughtRead MoreWomen Serving For Combat Positions1464 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction/Objective: Women serving in combat positions has been a highly controversial topic and is openly criticized by many. The push for equality by allowing women to serve in combat positions is not just isolated to a few military branches of service. Secretary Carter stated, â€Å"For the first time in U.S. military history, as long as they qualify and meet specific standards, women will be able to contribute to the Defense Department mission with no barriers at all in their way.† (Pellerin

Management process Free Essays

If you are a company Like DATA or BARILLA, you will have several businesses under you ND a corporate WHQL which controls these. Each of these businesses may be run by an independent co. , much like DATA motor runs the vehicles and TTS runs the IT. We will write a custom essay sample on Management process or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Corporate WHQL will have grand plans on how much each business should operate. This grand plan is called Corporate Strategy. Business Strategy For Example, Raja can make a grand plan of expanding his business decisions to be the provider of low cost furniture or highly differentiated furniture,house hold furniture only,modular furniture only, a supplier of a II furniture needs etc. ,. TLS Is what a business strategy Is. Functional Strategy. If your in a retail chain business like Big Bazaar, you may have merchandise strategy supply strategy etc. ,. Similarly Raja too can have a strategy to purchase wood in bulk from Malaysia and ship it and call it has procurement strategy. Define the term ‘management’. Explain the Behavioral science theory and Systems theory. According to F. W Taylor,† Management Is an art of knowing what to do,when to do and see that It Is done In the best and cheapest way. ‘ Behavioral Science Theory. The thought was originated by vilified Parent In 1896, and he researched organization management relationship. Later, Hugo Mustering applied psychology to increase industrial production in 1912 around the same time. Walter 1911 . But it was Elton Mayo F. J Rotisseries who made an impact on the behavioral science theory through their Hawthorne experiments in Western Electric Co. , in 1933. These experiments proved that good working relationship with the supervisor and colleagues and the idea of challenges in the Job accounted for higher productivity. Challenge is created through setting high goal which cannot be normally achieved but which can be achieved with a little additional effort. These experiments brought to fore the importance of behavioral science in management. Extending the idea sometime in 1946 1947, Max Weber propounded the theory of bureaucracy. System Theory: Though the systems theory can be traced to biology, where we have cardiovascular system, nervous system, etc which re fairly independent yet interdependent, it was Chester Bernard who extended this into management area through his writing ‘Functions of the Executive’ in 1983. In systems theory, we perceive that organizations have a number of fairly independent systems such as purchase system, operations system, marketing system,financial system. Etc. The working of these are interdependent. But it has to be integrated by the manager. This theory, perhaps, brings the idea of integration as a key component of management. Give the definition and importance of planning in an organization and explain the steps in planning. Definition Planning: Planning can be defined as a basic management function which enables one to select the purpose of the business, and how the resources should be mustered to achieve that purpose to include using the available resources optimally to do that. Planning implies goal setting for the organization keeping in mind the constraints, opportunities, and threats as much as what the person robustness which is planning ants to do. Thus, a plants a blue print for goal achievement, as blue print that specifies the necessary resource allocations, schedules, tasks other actions to achieve the purposes. Steps in Planning: 1. Being aware of opportunities 2. Establishing Objectives 3. Developing Premises 4. Determining alternative courses 5. Evaluating Alternative courses 6. Selecting a course 7. Formulating plans 8. Qualifying plans by Budgeting Explanation of the steps in Planning 1. Being aware of opportunities- Being aware of opportunities in the market w. R. T Establishing Objectives- 3. How to cite Management process, Essays Management process Free Essays First, Sam must establish standards, or a set of ‘requirements’ for his business. Sam is working on the first step, establishing standards to measure performance. Sam wants to make $100,000 more this year that he did last year so he can replace older equipment In the repair shop. We will write a custom essay sample on Management process or any similar topic only for you Order Now Raising the price of repairs can do this. This is a financial goal. It is important not to take customers for granted. A goal to increase customer satisfaction from 84% last year to 90% this year Is set. Customer service satisfaction must Increase by six percent this year. This Is a customer service-related goal. Sam sets a goal to increase the quota, or a goal set for production, for the amount of cars each mechanic must repair each week. This is a production goal. With all of the new goals Sam set for the repair shop over the past week. Employees may not be able to keep up with the workload. To ensure the goals are met, Sam must devise a way to measure the productivity and performance of his employees. This measurement is compared with the goals he set above, or the preset standards. Once he evaluates the information, Sam can provide feedback to each employee. This will help them make Improvements to their work. This is an employee performance appraisal. Sam developed the standards for what he would Like to accomplish in the above step. Now, he needs to develop a way of determining whether the goals are being met. 1 OFF yester and an employee evaluation system. Sam is working on the second step, measuring actual performance. Sam will present the new pricing guide to employees. He explains his plan for raising much-needed revenue to each employee so the employee understands the reason for the price increase. It is important to include employees in setting goals. If Cam’s employees understand the reason for the price increase, they will be more likely to buy-in to the goal. Sam also introduces the customer satisfaction survey to his customers. Each customer will fill out a survey where they will rate their experience based on many factors like: Timeliness of pairs Quality of work Price Friendliness of mechanics Ease of payment Sam also has to develop a way to measure how many cars are being repaired by each mechanic on a weekly basis to be sure that the amount of repairs done weekly, monthly and in a year add up to the desired goal of increasing revenue by $100,000 set forth above. He introduces the mechanics to a repair quota system. Each mechanic must fix ten engines, patch five tires and replace 15 windshield wipers each week. That means that each mechanic must bring in about $280. 00 in revenue each week to reach the goal. Once broken down for the mechanics, the goal is legalistic and attainable. The toughest challenge for Sam will be to introduce the employee appraisal system. He uses a system that involves the employee setting goals for themselves and Sam setting goals for the employees. After chatting with each employee, Sam is able to determine the criteria for acceptable performance. He will include the sales quota system from above, dependability, reliability, motivation and absenteeism in the appraisal. He will sit down with each employee to explain the process. If employees have input in setting goals for themselves, they are much more likely to achieve the goals. Perhaps the salespeople are not making as many client calls as they did last year. How to cite Management process, Essays Management Process Free Essays Management process is very essential to the execution of any activities. From the different analysis of different problems and other vital factors regarding any upcoming activity came up different process and ways to solve such problems. Management process is one way to solve such problems in an easier way. We will write a custom essay sample on Management Process or any similar topic only for you Order Now Management process is known to be a method of planning and controlling the performance and execution of any activity of different kinds. Several points are to be considered if we want to look upon management process in different angles. Some views says that management process is in a way to be considered as an art while others say that management process is to be considered as a science or at the same time management process can also be considered to be both an art and a science. In a way, regarding healthcare management, that management process should be considered as an art is because any healthcare management should possess its own unique attribute. Possessing your own unique attribute is essential to any healthcare management because from these unique attributes you will be able to establish your own identity as a service giving body. As a service giving body, your output is intangible and in a form of different experiences and not in a form of any products and goods (Brown). These intangible experiences may vary from different ways of the performance of the healthcare organization. Thus, a healthcare management should have different approach on giving their service to the people. To be able to do such criteria, you must look at healthcare management as an art and have your own way of stylistic performance which should demonstrate value to its customers (Kaluzny). On the other hand, a healthcare management can be considered as a science in nature. Healthcare management is viewed as a science due to the changing phase and needs of its beneficiaries. If the healthcare management won’t adjust to the lifestyle and cost of living of the customers then success rate regarding healthcare management will soon decrease. To be able for any healthcare management to be successful in such aspects them they should be able to comply with their customers’ needs. Having the capability to adjust for a certain change of the situation is a must have for healthcare management organizations. Different innovations and technologies were being used by these healthcare managements in order to comply with the needed adjustment regarding the needs of their customers. On the other hand, they foresee these possible situations and came up with an urgent yet effective solution and alternative for such unexpected measures. Healthcare management is considered both as an art and a science for a better performance. Being able to adjust to the changing needs and unstable conditions of their customer using their own unique style of delivering their service to their customers is a better way of dealing with people and customers rather than just being able to meet the needs of their customers without bringing them to mind what healthcare did they belong. As a healthcare management, the greatest benefit you will be able to get is the satisfaction and contentment of your customers regarding the service you have given them. This will soon make the customers realize that your healthcare management is a great service giving body and will not make them to think twice to return under your care once they need it again. A science of healthcare management delivered with the art of concern is a great cure to any sickness anyone could have (Lofton). Being able to know what they really need and being able to give it to them in a kindly manner is what most people need and with the combined view of healthcare management as an art and as a science it could be hard yet not impossible (Lofton). References: Brown, M. HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT: Strategy, Structure Process: ASPEN PUBLICATIONS Kaluzny, S.M.S.A.D. ESSENTAILS OF HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT: DELMAR PUBLISHERS Lofton, K. (20 How to cite Management Process, Essay examples