Do Societies Choose to Fail or Survive Essay Example for Free

Do Societies film to Fail or Survive EssayThe cabaret is a very important aspect on the life of any human. The very definition of the term society which is entwined on the aspect of relationships of a group of people, who depend on each other in either way make it to be of utmost importance. When viewed in broader terms, the society depicts people in a certain region and most certainly has public bonds such as culture, language or any other factors that brings them together.It is therefore common knowledge to note that although the society has the gist of prospering, other societies have move and the question that arises is whether a society chooses to fail or survive. Various arguments have been put across with some of the hardliners taking passionate stands on what they believe in with regard to the prosperity or failure of a society ( diamond, 2005). One of the writers who has been vocal in examining the survival of societies Jareed Diamond, probes why some of the societi es in the past were able-bodied to survive and why some feel out rightly.The author bases his research mainly on concentrating on the past right to the modern world. In his give winning book titled Collapse How Societies Choose to Fail or Survive, the author in the prologue states that the book employs the comparative method to understand societal busts to which environmental problems contribute. The author in writing this book tends to offer a historical context of societies that have on the fall in or survival of the society.The author thus seems to argue that input variables have significant effect on the output (Diamond, 2005). The author highlights some of the factors that have in the past been culprits in collapse of societies. Some of them are overfishing, overpopulation, deforestation and others. He also goes further to include factors that may in the future aid in the survival or collapse of societies. The author uses the Anasazi collapse to put forward his arguments on why societies fail at sometimes.The Anasazi who are a Native American society are apply by the author to clearly illustrate the link between population growth and environmental damage directly to the collapse of the Anasazi. The author as he tries to highlight is that the warfare that took place was not a significant contributor to the failure of this society (Diamond, 2005). Another incisive and passing critical book of how society thrives is the book Questioning Collapse Human Resilience, Ecological Vulnerability and the Aftermath of Empire.The book which has an impressive number of 15 scholarly scientists, provide an incisive pay heed at this issue with each of the personalities contributing significantly. The authors of this book borrow appraise Diamonds work and use his provoking inquiries to give their valuable insights into this issue (Norman and McAnamy, 2010). Another highly critical and analytical book Marketing Conquest and the Vanishing Indian an Indigenous Response to Jared Diamonds Archaeology of the American Southwest, the book tries to respond to Diamonds work.The essay seems to suggest that Diamonds are some of the most important aspects with regards to conquest. In Diamonds books, he seems to suggest that colonialization and conquest were what he refers to as accident and that modern collapses of various societies can be avoided by studying the root causes of these earlier conflicts. This essay is a direct response to Diamonds assumptions and it mainly questions the genuineness of his assumptions and comes to the conclusion that diamonds are actually an important aspect of conquest. ReferencesDiamond, J (2005). Prologue. Collapse How Societies Choose to Fail or Survive. New York Penguin . The Ancient Ones The Anasazi and Their Neighbors. Chapter 4 of Collapse How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. New York Penguin, 2005. McAnamy, P. A. and Norman Y (2010). Questioning Collapse Human Resilience, Ecological Vulnerability and the Afterm ath of Empire. New York Cambridge UP, 1-20 Wilcox, M. Marketing Conquest and the Vanishing Indian An Indigenous Response to Jared Diamonds Archaeology of the American Southwest. Eds.

College Is a Waste of Time and Money Essay Example for Free

College Is a Waste of Time and Money Essay1. Affluence- Abundance of silver, property and other stuff goods Permissive- Habitually or characteristically accepting or tolerant of something, as social behavior or linguistic usage, which others might disapprove or anticipate Elitist- A person having, thought to have, or professing superior intellect or talent, power, wealth, or membership in the upper echelons of society 2. The time and money put into college ar not balanced with the return rate. * Society has developed an unspoken standard that college is the best fit for upcoming adults and for them to achieve the highest education possible. merely in fact, most students do not want to be there because they do not want to learn. * no more than 25 percent of their students are turned on by classworkup to 30% are in college reluctantly * College has failed at its expectations and promises to give opportunities to students that most bargained for.* There is already a surfeit o f adult workers in the economy with more experience than the out-of-college student. Even with a degree in contribute, graduated students do not have the upper hand over the experienced adults. * College education fails to ready students for the real because liberal arts is a religion rather than a preparation. * A liberal-arts education is supposed to lead you with a value system, a standard, a set of ideas, not a job. 3. College is an over-rated system that does not give out what a student gives in. 4. Based on the authors logic, I do agree with the authors argument. Although she uses a small amount of specific evidence, she reasons well and thoroughly. As society has developed, it has pushed for everyone to bump the highest education possible, which most students arent prepared for nor will they continue with their degree. The world simply cannot go round with a population full of highly ameliorate people.

The Temptation Of Jesus In Wilderness Theology Religion Essay

The Temptation Of Jesus In Wilderness Theology Religion EssayIn my paper I will ensure Lukes religious doctrine round Jesus lure in wilderness. First by applying Bakers Dictionary of Christian Ethics I will examine the essence of the word come-on, and how its beingness used in bible. Second I will shortly explain character of come-on and wherefore it was unique. Third I will examine Mathews credo of Jesus enticement by applying Christopher Morse prospect and see how it could be apply to community that lived in first century. Fourth I will examine Jesus response to Devil and the message that Lukes was sending to a community through his religious doctrine about Jesus come-on in wilderness. Fourth applying cyclopaedia of Religion (EOF) I will explain how temptation can be applied to modern community and how modern pass well-nigh and economy changed the perception about temptation. Fifth I will expand on how temptation of modern community related to consumption. Finally I will compare how community that Matthew wrote for interchangeable to the modern unmatched, also I will explain how they different and why some values and principals cant be applied to modern community same way it was applied two thousand years ago.Meaning of the TemptationBefore start studying the passage of the temptation of Jesus, we must understand the meaning of word temptation. Origin word temptation comes from translation of Greek peirz which means test or temptation. Temptation is not simply good or bad it is a word that according to Bakers dictionary of Christian ethics temptation is used differently in bible at least in four different ways. First its Enticement to Sin, practically used in bible to describe Devils action such as testing human on their faithfulness to beau ideal by tempting them to do evil. In regards when one is tempted to do evil and put responsibility on God, James states in his gospel 113 according to which explains that blame for humans sin shoul d become their own responsibility. Second is Man testing god, often tribe say god give a sign, or if there was a god he wont let my friend die, however in (Matt-. 46-7) it is clear that we shall no put god to test. Explanation to why one should not put god to test can be explain by looking at Corinthians 109 where states whoever test God will be destroyed. Third way temptation occurs in bible it when God put people to the test. concord to new dictionary of theology God test people on their fidelity for him. Expanding on Gods test to people one must see gods temptation is not a punishment, but the test, for one whom God wants to use for his own purposes (Deuteronomy 816.). Fourth and final variation temptation mention is the Overcoming Temptation or how one can cancel temptation to do sin. In Bakers Dictionary of Christian Ethics lays clear explanation that by overcoming temptation to sin once, person become more capable of doing it next time.Examination of details that Apply to Jesus temptationBefore proceeding to the detailed analysis of the story of the temptation, it is demand to examine the few following details. First Jesus used his human nature to resist the temptation this explain his hunger in desert. Second the nature of temptation is such that they could only come to the one who has a totally unique authority and power, 43 this should explain importance Jesus contend against devil. Third whoever reads this story must understand that Matthew used Q source to create this gospel. This explains the details Mathew know about what happened during Jesus temptation. Finally this gospel of Jesus temptation should perpetually be approached with reverence, because it reveals Jesus recesses of his soul and his heart, and because, Mathew Gospel shows through despite the struggle Jesus was able to resist Devil.Temptation of JesusGospel temptation of Jesus starts in 4.1-4.2 where Mathew describes how Jesus was taken to wilderness by Spirit and tempted there by Devil for forty days, and had nothing to eat. According to Christopher Morse perspective that in this type of setting Jesus was definitely hungry, which he explained that just like hunger real temptation cant be turn off. Which major power explain the point Luke was trying to deliver to Christians, just like our human nature that cant live without food same way it cant avoid temptation. In response to Lukes Gospel 4.3 Christopher Morse writes that Jesus being in situation where he is hungry worries more about his spiritual condition sooner than physical. To answer the question why Jesus refuse to turn stones to loaf of lettuce when he fed five thousand people with five loaves of bread (Lk.9 12-17) and four thousand with seven loaves (Mf.15 32-38) one must understand that Jesus only used his miraculous power for salvation of others. Also it shows that Jesus own same physical feeling, as would any other man by being in similar settings.Deuteronomy 83Now lets examine why In Luke s gospel Jesus responded to devil using Deuteronomy 83, and what was the important lesson it had for Christians that lived during the time it was written. Importance of that respond can be explained in bible in few different ways. First because if one is always concentrate on his physical needs it cleverness quarter him no different than animal. Second, one should always choose word of the god, because it is the only real treasure that can save peoples soul. Pursuing further lets see how temptation and hunger can be applied to modern community.Modern community and TemptationIn order to understand how and why modern community might view Mathews Gospel of Jesus temptation differently first one must understand the settings humans live now. Certainly lifestyle, principles and values for modern humanity are different to the ones that Mathew wrote for however temptation that people facing now still topical more than ever. Now lets examine modern humanity value, principles, settings and how in modern age, temptation becomes part of one everyday life. According to TEOC the term Temptation in todays human oriented terminology is being used deficiently. For instance TEOC argue that in modern idiomatic expression the term temptation refers as a, Temporary breakdown in orientation that either inner developmental process or external factors appear to make necessary. This can be explaining by applying observation that is discussed in EOR, it states that modern society create the culture where primary value of life is to break rather than to be. come on EOR explains that modern society live in world where educational system based around the success, with a economic system that promotes consumption. This certainly explains why horse opera culture relays on modern progress. Lets speculate and apply what we see is being built usually in the first place it is not the hospital, not a nursing home, no orphanages but the factories that produce goods and giant stores that sel l them. Important to note that before it gets sold or manufactured, Corporation using advertising techniques that often build around person temptation, which in many cases build around their own ego.Living in world where every human consider a consumer led to humanity for establishing their own consumer rights. Those rights elevated to the new morality of certain laws, I have a right to consume what I see. Companies consume people, and people consume everything around them. With this kind approach humans have the mentality where consumption is not a temptation it is a right. and so we live in world were temptation fueled by advertisement techniques keep growing expanding every day. However just like temptation, consumption is also expanding and growing, this quite intense growth of consumption becoming a great opportunity for governments and Enterprises to expand their profits. Modern progress allow governments and enterprises to produce enough goods to satisfy consumption, howeve r in order to do so it must have enough materials.Temptation on Global LevelThere is no doubt that modern progress brining new solutions to our lives but at what cost those solutions come. Through modern progress, western culture made possible to solve hunger issues by creating and using materials that would be consider two thousand years ago meaningless. TEOC argue that western world lifestyle, leads to constant predatory exploitation of Earth resources. Modern humanity must understand the price of living lifestyle that promotes predatory exploration f earth. That price is not only our environment, but well of all humans around the globe. This temptation that is measured on world level scale have another disadvantage it often exploits third world using them for cheap application and materials. In this case poor developing world is being consumed by the temptation of the wealthy developed world.Applying four temptation perspectives to the western world.ConclusionIndeed humanities l ifestyle has changed for past 2000, and the way humanity see and accepts things is different. Conclusion that can be drawn here is that even though the modern might understand the term temptation differently, the meaning of that stills the same. We as consumer generation have to realize that when our temptation have no physical limits, consumption indeed have one, and even more if it is unbalance it can destroy us. modern community still have the power of will, using to resist the temptation will engage not only spiritual, psychological peace but also financial.

Breast Cancer Gene Mutations Biology Essay

disparager crab louse Gene Mutations Biology EssayBreast Cancer affects nearly 1 in 4 women in the United States each year. Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. Breast crabmeat is a form of malignant neoplastic disease that originates in the create from raw stuffs of the pinhead. Using the latest technology researchers support determined that thither is a specific line of brokers linked to breast cancer, breast cancer (BRCA) 1 and BRCA 2 cistrons. The ability to test a patient for these breast cancer genes pull up stakes abet lead to better diagnosis and treatment for those with the gene.Often breast cancer will start from a single abnormal cell that grows into a benign neoplasm (Mader123). The tumor originates in the take out duct, where an extra lining of cells is formed that fills the ducts, this is known as ductal carcinoma. Another form, lobular carcinoma is when the cancer begins in the lobules, which atomic number 18 the glands that mak e the milk. Breast cancer is most popular in females however, males can still learn breast cancer. In women it is recommended to be screened for breast cancer via self examination or mammograms, depending on age. Women who are all over the age of forty are recommended to have a mammogram done e very one to two years. Age is another risk because as a somebody gets older their risk increases. Race and ethnicity is another risk factor white women are more at risk for breast cancer than African American women. Only active 5% to 10% of breast cancer cases are thought to be hereditary, settlementing directly from gene defects inherited from a parent (cancer.org).Breast cancer can be classified by either BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 gene, which defines the version of the breast cancer gene. This form of breast cancer is considered genetic, which is when one dominate gene is passed onto subsequent generations and can government issue in the BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 gene. in that location are genes that can help with desoxyribonucleic acid repair, but in this case it is not a damaged gene it is mutated and cannot be repaired. Females who are heterozygous for the BRCA 1 mutation have a high risk of getting breast cancer.The gene loci for BRCA 1 gene can be found on the 27th chromosome, it is known as a tumor suppressor gene that provides the blueprint for protein that breaks cellular growth**. Families who have history of breast and ovarian cancer have a strong occurrence of the BRCA1 gene and as a result there is a high risk for breast and ovarian cancer. Individuals that do have a family history of breast and ovarian cancers tend to acquire these cancers at a young age or acquire the more aggressive forms.The gene loci for the BRCA 2 gene is found on the 13th chromosome although breast cancer is rare in men, this gene tends to affect males at a higher rate. The gene for BRCA 2 is not expressed as often as BRCA 1, and families who carry this gene tend to be at a discredit risk f or developing cancer. hands who carry the BRCA 2 mutations are at a higher risk of developing breast cancer by age 70. Breast cancer is more commonly found in families with high male and female breast cancer occurrences. Breast cancer can also be related to ethnic background and specifically families who are of Jewish decent tend to be more likely to develop breast cancer due to a high mutation rate.Prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in different ethnic groups in theU.S.BRCA1Asian American0.5%African AmericanAfrican American1.3-1.4%CaucasianCaucasian (non-Ashkenazi Jewish)2.2-2.9%Hispanic3.5%Ashkenazi Jewish8.3-10.2%Adapted from field of study Cancer Institute materials5.Figure Prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in different ethnic groups in the U.S. (komen.org) This table shows the percentages of the different ethnic groups and their adventure of developing the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene.Men or women who are considered to be at high risk for breast cancer have the option to be tested. A person is considered to be at high risk if there are two or more family members that have had breast or ovarian cancer. The test for the breast cancer gene is a blood test that checks the DNA to see if there is a mutation in the BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 gene. A positive result of this test means that the patient has inherited the mutated gene. It is not definitive that the patient will get breast cancer as it requires unidentified environmental factors in order for the cancer to develop. However, a positive result means that the patient can pass the mutated gene to their children. If a person collects a negative result of having the breast cancer gene, it does not necessarily mean that they are not at risk for breast cancer, it means that they do not have the gene. In fact, 90 to 95 percent of breast cancer is not a result of BRCA 1 or BRCA 2, and 5 to 10 percent of women have the genetic endowment factor of breast cancer (Schnipper221). Also, The child of a parent who has a p ositive gene has a 50 percent risk of inheriting the mutation (Schnipper223).Testing for a genetic inheritance of the gene can be very helpful for families to know if they are carrying the mutated gene, and it can also be touch to the families who are affected. If a test comes back positive for the gene it will put other members of the family at risk for carrying the gene. Breast cancer heredity is very rare and it does not occur in every family. Age and ethnic background play a huge role in determining if you have a higher risk of carrying the gene. If a Jewish woman younger than 40 has breast cancer, there is about a 33% endangerment that they will be a carrier of the gene. While those who are not Jewish and have breast cancer before 30 have a 12% chance of having a mutation (Love108). This illustrates that the genetic test is not a good determinant of risk for cancer. Positive results from the breast cancer test have a few options to lower their risk of getting breast cancer. P atients can choose to be monitored closer by their doctors for breast cancer signs by having grass breast exams, mammograms, MRIs, ultrasounds, blood tests, and also by self examination. A more aggressive step could be having prophylactic surgery, such as a threefold mastectomy. The surgery is a quite radical surgery and is not a common choice.Research has indicated that those who carry either the BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation can lower their risk of getting the cancer by keeping up with a physical, healthy lifestyle and by breastfeeding. Although that may not work on everyone, it has shown to help with some patients who carry the mutation. There is not much that can be done to prevent the chances of getting breast cancer besides radical surgery. There are other factors such as carrying the mutated breast cancer gene that can elevate the risk of getting breast cancer, a second autochthonic cancer, which is a second breast tumor that is not related to the first tumor, can also show an i ncreased risk of occurring with patients who carry the mutation. For BRCA1/2 carriers, the chance of a contralateral breast cancer 10 years after diagnosis of the first cancer is about 18 to 30 percent compared to about 10 percent for breast cancer survivors without a BRCA1/2 mutation (komen.org).Surgery, radiation therapy, tamoxifen, and chemotherapy are the most commonly utilise treatments for breast cancer. The treatment that is used depends on the type and severity of the cancer. A patient will go over the options that work best for them with their doctor to help get the best treatment. cardinal other surgeries that are performed depending on the patients cancer are Lumpectomy, and Mastectomy. Lumpectomy is a surgery that removes only the cancerous lump from the breast. Mastectomy is removal of the entire breasts to remove the cancer and the tissue that surrounds it. Men and women who have breast cancer as a result of a genetic mutation will go through the same treatments. A p atient who has a genetic mutation of breast cancer does not have their own treatment plan. Although they can take precautions to help prevent their chance of developing breast cancer, there is no different treatment if they do have breast cancer.Only five to ten percent of breast cancer patients in the United States are linked to a high risk genetic mutation (komen.org). Men and women who inherited the BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 gene, do not make up the population of those who suffer from breast cancer. Having a genetic mutation is not the only way for a patient to receive breast cancer, there are many other aspects. There are chances that getting breast cancer may be genetically linked, but there is still research being conducted to investigate the occurrence of breast cancer.

Fathers Rights in Childcare

Fathers Rights in Child dreadIn recent years the rights of Fathers has become a highly controversial issue. Groups much(prenominal) as don- 4-justice have embarked on high-pressure campaigns that have attempted to expose discrimination within British Law and the judicial strategy against the rights of men to have access to their electric razorren aft(prenominal)(prenominal) dissever. British rightfulness, it is argued, is some(prenominal) unequal in this regard and damaging to the offbeat of infantren, renders and families. In this essay I shall argue that British family honor does indeed discriminate against fathers and that the law should be changed. The essay is divided into three main sections (1) Cultural attitudes to fathers and fatherhood (2) unequal treatment of fathers within British Family Law and the judicial system that upholds it (3) the social and pyschological consequences of descrimination aagainst fathers and thence why/how the law should be changed.Cu ltural attitidues to fathers and fatherhoodFor centuries the dominant conception of the role of fathers was as the breadwinner who would provide for his wife and children. The role of women was to maintain the family home and c are for the children. This disagreement of roles was, and still is in some quarters, supported by natural law, scientific reason or religious belief. In opposite words, the traditional division of roles between men and women was either divinely ordained or it was simply the natural, biological order. Until recently, this division of roles en sufficientd, in western societies, a patriarchal order. Mens role enab direct them to control the structures of power within society and thus the lmited rights of women. Family issues were largely a private matter and to a considerable extent beyond the jurisdiction of the law.Since the 1960s however this patriarchal order has to a significant extent been diminished. The sexual liberation of women, the advancement of women in public life and secularisation has brought or so a different set of cultural attitudes regarding the familial roles of men and women. However, this shift in cultural attitudes has non led to quite as much change in relation to the conception of the role of men. To be sure, it is now widely thought that men need non neccessarily be the main breadwinners and that they should carry emerge their fair share of household and child-caring duties.However, it is still widely believed, it would seem, that men are not as capable of caring for children as women are. For many women, it seems, the main turn of men is as sexual partners and sperm donors. Once they have provided sperm, they are, for an increasing number of women, disposable. After all, womens own increased financial warrantor and the security provided by the state means that that they are not needed for financial support. As the following section attempts to demonstrate, this perception of the role of men is supporte d by the law.The unequal treatement of fathers in British LawFamily Law divorceClearly, the point at which the rights of fathers becomes an issue is when marraiges or cohabitation breaks down. Given the unequal treatment of fathers that will be accounted for below, it is perhaps unsurprising that most requests for divorce are brought by women, some 80% in occurrence (Gross, 2004) It could be argued that the high rate of divorce has in truth been encouraged by the ease with which it is now possible to earn a divorce. The 1996 Family Law act introduced the no time out divorce (Oldham, 2004). This means that so presbyopic as one party believes that the marraige is over the other party must accept that this is the case. Furthermore, the partner who requests divorce does not have to die any apology for the request for a divorce. To be sure, on that point is a provision for marraige counselling and mediation, which must have been exhuasted before divorce can be accepted (Oldham, 200 4). However, there is very little power to hold these measures and in any case once it has reached this stage it is unlikely that the marraige can be recovered. In theory, the no fault divorce is all well and good. why should one partner be kept within a marraige that they are unhappy with. Surely, it cannot be good for the eudaimonia of children if their parents do not get on with each other or if one partner is seriously unhappy. That said however, it could be argued that the ease with which it is possible to obtain a divorce has further diminished the rights of men. This is because, as will be further explained below, the rights of men to have access to their children, and in terms of the money they are expected to give over to their former wife, is descriminatory. More divorce means more marginalised men. Just as in the past when women were economically and culturally disfavour after divorce, so it is now the case for men except for somewhat differing reasons.Custody rightsT he 1996 Family Law act states that of paramount importance in allocating the custody rights of parents after divorce is the welfare of the children (Oldham, 2004). The job is however that men and women are not considered equal in relation to their chances of ensuring the welfare of children. Indeed, uncomplete parent actually has a right in law to see their own children but the resident parent i.e the women, is significantly returnd. This is supported by the childrens act of 1989. This act carries no originator whatsoever that the father should have rights to see his children (Oldham, 2004). All that is conferred by economy is that the father should not be prevented from having liaison with his child at all and continuously without some reason. This means that if a mother seeks to prevent the father from having regular contact with his children she is almost certain to win, regardless. Furthermore, it means that the contact can be variously defined from a minimum of supervi sed contact for an hour in a contact centre once a month.In fact the childrens act confers the rights of contact upon the children themselves. This means that if the child wishes to see the non-resident parent then his or her wish should be granted. On the other hand however, if the child does not wish to see the non-resident parent then contact will range from non-existent to minimal. Clearly this favours the resident parent because the resident parent is likely to be able to control the actions and wishes of the child.Family CourtsThe settlement of disputes regarding the allocation of contact rights through family courts bakshiss to further descrimination against fathers. To begin with these courts meet in secret. Their delibarations are secret and thus so is the reasoning which led them toarrive at a decision regarding the welfare of the children. The courts only need to refer to guidlines on the childs welfare, nothing else. And in almost every case this is jounce to favour th e resident parent, the mother (Gross, 2004). In cases where neither parent has been socially deviant, the mother can claim that the child is still not well looked after by the father when he is in custody of the children. Since the issue at hand is how much contact should the father have given the welfare of the child and not how is it possible to ensure an equitable, workable child caring arragement given the top hat interests of the child being contact with both parents then the burden is on the father to prove that he can billing for the child adequately when in his care. This means that simply minor concerns such as whether the child returns tired, emotionally upset or late can be raised against the father. It is not taken into account that these concerns can be an evryday normal occurence under the care of the mother. thither is no wieghing up of interests between the fathers rights of contact, the legitimacy of the mothers view of the father and the childs interests. Rathe r, there is just an attempt to remove possible hinder ants to the childs welfare when considering applications for contact (Lockhart, 2001). In cases where there is no contact to begin with then it is unlikley that much further contact will be granted, because contact with the father is not recognised to be in the childs interests beyond those that have been explicitly expressed by the child.CAFCASSFamily court judges follow the advice of Family Court Welfare Offices. These offices are amenable for the interpretation of the Children Act and Family Policy (Gross, 2004). They provide reports on the welfare of the children based on inspections, interviews with parents and the guidelines. The problem is that the training these officers recieve does not prepare them for judgement in single(a) cases. This means that judgement is more-or-less removed from the judicial serve up pertaining to the allocation of custody rights, because judges in family courts merely follow their recommendat ions. Most crucially the reports can excessively take into account claims by the mother that the father is violent or abusive towards his children. These claims are not tested through the proper judicial process and can simply remain as a slur on thefathers character. Fathers rights groups claim that such claims should either be subject to criminal charges and thus exertion in court or removed utterly. Worse still, fathers do not have the rights and nor does anyone else, to question the Family Court Welfare OfficerEnforcementIn cases where the court has allocated the father a certain amount of contact time and when the mother has failed to meet the requirements there is also very little that can be done to enforce the order. Of course, if the non-resident parent fails to meet the requirements of the order then he could pay a heavy penalty. He could either have his contact entitlements completely removed or worse still fined, ordered to do community service or even imprisoned. Ther e have been numerous cases where the father has been sent to prison for doing apparently harmless things such as sending presents on his childs birthday or waving to the child without gaining prior permission from the relevant authorities (Lockhart, 2001). On the other hand, when the fathers rights of contact have been denied then very little is or can be done because a rather narrow conception of the welfare of the child is the main consideration, which does not include the need for contact with both parents.Parental AlienationAll of the procedures described above are subject to a condition called Parental Alienation (Hooper). This is when one parent, usuually the resident parent or mother in most cases, encourages the child to reject the non-resident parent. Clearly the resident parent has an advantage in this regard simply because she is with the child more a good deal. According to the Stockholm Syndrome there is a psychological state whereby the captive takes on the beliefs an d wishes of the captor and often wilfully and actively complies with them. In family court judgements and in the reports of family court welfare officers, parental alienation syndrome is hardly accounted for at all. This can not only be hurtful to the father it can also lead to the denial of his contact rights.The Child Support AgencyThe Child Support Agency is another instutution that enforces descrimination against fathers. In addition to Fathers being denied access to their children they are forced to pay in most cases around a third of their salary to the resident parent for the care of the child. At a superfical level the principle that non-resident parents should contribute financially to the upbringing of their children seems reasonable enough. However, when it is enforced in addition to a financial settelment after the divorce and a denial of the fathers rights to see his children it can be little short of barbaric, let alone unequal. Lets deal with the unequal aspect firs t. The problem is that the agency seeks payement from the absent parent which means fathers , universally, because fathers have been labelled as absent parents regardless of any other circumstances. Worse still, in cases where the father earns a merely average income it can leave him with no possibility of obtaining another mortgage and limited chances of prusing another familial relationship. This situation can affect fathers who were neither in a married or cohabiting relationship with the mother and may only have known the mother for a short period of time. Since it is tout ensemble the decision of the mother as to whether she has an abortion and at least half the responsibility of the mother to use contraception, this would appear both unfair and open to abuse.Why the law should be changes?The reasons provided above should already be ample evidence for why the law ought to changed. But the case is strengthened when we consider the consequences of descrimination against fathers. DepressionThe law offers no protection against fathers who have been denied access to their children, have had most of their assets taken away and who are forced to give over a third of their income. Indeed, the law promotes situations of this type. Therefore, many fathers drift into depression and even suicide. Consider an extreme but all toprobable scenario. After a divorce settlement brought about by continued acts of adultery, the mother decides that in order to guarantee her own best interests she lies to the welfare officer and the courts about the fathers violent and neglegant behaviour and encourages the child to do likewise. This burster remains untried and untested but leads to the welfare officer producing an unfavourable report for the family court. Despite wanting to attempt to repair the marraige the father, who has already been forced to give up the family home and other assets, is ordered to remain out of contact with his children, who on the mothers instruction hav e expressed hatred towards him, and then asked to pay maintainence from his salary for the childrens wlefare. He is then left alone, with only the means for basic self-substistence, without any contact with his children who he has been told do not want to see him anyway. The chances of surviving such a scenario without suffering severe depression would seem unlikely.Effects on childrenWhilst the welfare of the children is supposed to be of paramount concern to the law and the judges that go for it, the consequences for children of having limited contact with the father are rarely accounted for. Gone are the days when there was a widely accepted scientific consensus that deemed men of course incapable of caring for children and when children were considered to be psychologically and emotionally dependent on the mother but not on the father. However, there remains relative muteness about the effects on children as a result of fatherless families because it is considered offensive to one parent families, and to ethnic groups within which there is a proneness towards one-parent families. There is however, research that suggests that fathers have a positive impact on the lives and cognitive development of their children (Lockhart, 2001). Likewise there is also research that suggests that children with absent fathers are more likely to become socially deviant.Furthermore, the law offers little protection against children who are forced to remain in the care of unfit mothers who, despite their protest that the father is neglegant or violent are unfit themselves to be the carer of the child. This is partly because the fathers views on this matter are not considered and it may only be the father who iscapable of forming them, since social care professionals are unlikely to have gained the level of access and knowledge needed to be able to make such a judgement.Are fathers rights human rights?Many campaigners on human rights have argued that the right of a father to have contact with his children should be considered a human right. If a human right is a right pertaining to the might of a human being to live with basic human needs then surely the ability of fathers to have contact with children should be a human right. What could be more essential to a reasonable human existence than to have contact with and at least knowledge of ones children, for both parents. For most caring, responsible parents this is in fact more essential to a reasonable human existence than access to feed or shelter. It is prior to all other needs and aspirations. Moreover, if there is any such thing as human rights then the right to regular contact with ones children should be the most fundamental of these rights.However, proclaiming the rights of fathers as human rights is possibly not the best way to attempt to establish such rights. Firstly, this is because, strategically, human rights declarations are often so vague and strengthly contradictory that they can b e overturned by the particular legal and political system that is supposed to protect them. whizz of the reasons for this is that it is notoriously difficult to prove, philosophically, what is a universal human right. Such a possibility is to a significant extent dependent upon the philosophical credibility of a conception of humaness, which will always be highly contested. Perhaps it would be better therefore to concentrate on conceptions of legal equality, citizenship and the good of society than proclaiming fathers rights as human rights. It would be better to argue that in a democratic society fathers should at the very least be given the right to hold in their rights to have contact with their children in legitimate courts of law.Paths to the reform of family law and its implementationWhen considering the ways in which the unequal treament of men in British familylaw it is best to first concentrate on the unexplored benifits of shared responsibility for children. Why not esta blish a default conception of the welfare of children which proposes that it is best for the childrenn, when no partner is socially deviant, for both parents to have an equal share of the responsibilities for the childs care. The objection to this has been that it is too disruptive for the child, emotionally and in other hardheaded respects, for the child to be regularly moving from one abode to another. But is this really the case? Clearly, very little research has been carried out on the potential effects of such an arrangement since it is hardly ever pursued.Another avenue for reform could be to radically improve the training of welfare officers. This would be a fairly simple and much less complicated measure that introducing a new family law. Welfare officers could at least be trained more specifically to detect the existence of parental alienation. To be sure this is not just a matter of training it would also involve putting the issue on the welfare checklist. Additionally, a llegations of domestic violence and neglect ought to be removed from consideration unless they are proven. Some would argue that certain cases of domestic violence are hard to prove in court which would make children more vulnerable. But at least the burden of proof in respect to the suitability of fathers to care for children should be much tougher than it is at present.These would be piecemeal advances, but if the law is to truly treat men and women equally there needs to be a totally new act. Such an act would not just be introduced to protect the rights of fathers, but to better protect the institution of the family and the welfare of children.ConclusionIn evidence we can say that for several reasons British family law unfairly descriminates against fathers. Firstly, there is no provision for the rights of fathers in family law in case or statute law. Secondly, the non-resident parents access to the child is dependent upon the consent of the child, which is bound to favour th e resident parent, especially if there is implacable hostility between the two parents. Thirdly, thejudicial system that upholds family law also, institutionally, descriminates against men. This is because deliberation is made in secret and family welfare officers cannot be questioned, which simply maintains inequality within the law because it precludes the fathers point of view. For these reasons, and because the alienation of fathers can lead to depression and unfavourable effects on the children, the law should indeed be changed.BibliographyRobert C Lockhart Fathers Have Rights Too, Writers Club Press 2001C A Hooper Do Families rent FathersJames T Gross Fathers Rights A legal guide to protecting the best interests of your children. Sphinx 2004Mike Oldham Statutes on Family Law, Oxford University Press 2004www.fathers-4-justice.org

College Students and Stress Essay -- Health Nutrition Diet Exercise Es

College Students and Stress Today a college education can overload students with too some(prenominal) stressful situations. Not only does Stress overload todays college students, but it is also the leading cause of personality disorders. In her essay, Cathy Bell explains that major depressive disorder strikes 5-12% of work force and 10-20% of women half of these people will have more than one occurrence and 15% of them will commit suicide (Depression for the young). For instance, many depressives atomic number 18 first recognized and treated during their years in college. For a large amount of people, falloff exposes itself because of traumatizing experiences, such as leaving home and/or schoolman stress. For other students alcohol and drugs become a first time experience. Now pile on top of all that academic stress, bad eating and quiescence habits with no exercise. Bell makes it known that the average first time sufferer is about 25 years of age, yet depressive disorders s eem to be continually wage hike among teenagers. Suicide is now the third leading cause of deaths between the ages of 15-24 years old (Depression in the Young). The Counseling Center for Human information explains their definition of stress, stress can be defined as the way in which your mind and body react to any situation that is new, threatening or exciting. Often, backaches, loss of appetite, constant fatigue, depression, and serious physical problems can result from prolonged stress. However stress can also give you an extra burst of energy-more epinephrin enters the bloodstream, heart and breathing rates increase, blood flow quickens, and muscle strength improves. Learning to harness this energy can help you meet the physical challenges, settle problems... ...tp//www.emufam.org/cmbell/depress/depstud.html Counseling Center for Human Development. Coping with Stress in College. U of South Florida. 3 Dec. 2000. http//usfweb.usf.edu/counsel/self-hlp/stress.htm Depression F acts, Definitions, and Statistics. Statistics. Colorado HealthSite. 3 Dec. 2000. http//www.coloradoheakthnet.org/depression/depression_facts.htm Franklin, Donald J., Ph.D. Psychology Information Online. 3 Dec. 2000. http//psychologyinfo.com/deression/causes.html Health Tips for College Students. 14 Jul. 1999. MayoClinic. 3 Dec. 2000. http//www/mayohealth.org/mayo/9609/htm/college.htm Knight, Chris. Personal Interview. 27 Nov. 2000. Posen, David B., MD. Stress Management for Patient and Physician. The Canadian ledger of Continuing Medical Education. Apr. 1995. 3 Dec. 2000. http//www/mentalhealth.com/mag1/p51-str.html

Nicole Jumper Essay -- Weight Loss Diet Nutrition Papers

Nicole JumperThe desire to change ones body image is very prevalent in todays society and in most cases what people want to change is their weight. Companies who market diet programs and miracle diet drugs are very much aware of this commonality among consumers and make believe advantage of the susceptible nature of those who want to lose the weight and lose it fast. Among the multitude of pills, programs and promises that are offered as cures to the unhappiness of being fat, one new creation has emerged that stretches the boundaries of logic the katabolic diet. WHAT IS THE CATABOLIC DIET? The catabolic diet is based on the concept that a person can eat catabolic foods that truly have a negative calorie effect. These are foods that supposedly take a person more calories to digest them than the food itself actu exclusivelyy contains. Simply put, they are foods that burn fat instead of creating it. (http//www.rarebooks.net/beck/cataboli.htm) INFORMATION FOUND ON THE NET The creators of the catabolic diet have used the Internet as their primary marketing tool therefore, there are many sites about the diet. Some are blatant advertisements and others pose as being informative and factual. The bottom line all the sites found on the catabolic diet are looking to make a profit and want the browser to buy into a program. One site, http//www.blackbeard.com/newlook/, claims that the catabolic diet is so effective that, It works three times faster than starvation. Yet, after making this statement the site also says that the Catabolic Diet is a medically created diet. . . Needless to say there is no medical doctors endorsement found a... ... REFERENCES Astrup, Arne. Dietary Approaches to Reducing Body Weight. Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. Ed. Jeff P. Holly. natural York AMA 1999. 109-120. Berstein RS Thornton JC Yang MU Wang J Redmond AM Pierson RN Jr Pi-Sunyer FX Van Itallie TB. (1983a). Prediction of the Resting Metabolic Rate in obese patients. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1983 Apr, 37(4) 595-602. Brannon, Linda and Jess Feist. Health Psychology An gate to Behavior and Health. Belmont, CA Wadsworth, 2000. Westerterp-Plantega MS Rolland V Wilson SA Westerterp KR. (1999a). Satiety related to 24 h diet-induced thermogenesis during high protein/carbohydrate vs high fat diets measured in a respiration chamber. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1999 June 53(6) 495-503.